Triple Citizenship

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To answer your specific question in edit 1, both the Republic of China and Japan require people naturalizing to renounce their existing nationalities (if possible) as a precondition of naturalization.

The question in edit 2 is very vague. If you are asking about all the situations in which a person has those 3 nationalities at the same time, the ways are too numerous to list. We can begin by considering each country's nationality rules.

  • US and Canada are very similar. Both have ''jus soli'', citizenship upon being born in the country, and ''jus sanguinis'', citizenship by being born abroad to a citizen of the country, in most cases; though there are some cases in which citizenship is not transmitted for both US and Canada. Neither US nor Canada require someone naturalizing to do anything with respect to their existing nationalities. Neither US nor Canadian citizenship is automatically lost upon acquiring a foreign nationality.
  • Japan has unrestricted jus sanguinis; any child born to a Japanese citizen anywhere is a Japanese citizen. A child who has multiple nationality must renounce other nationalities in age 20-22 or lose Japanese citizenship. Japan requires people naturalizing to renounce existing nationalities, if possible. Japanese citizenship is automatically lost upon voluntarily acquiring a foreign nationalty.
  • The Republic of China also has unrestricted jus sanguinis; any child born to an ROC national anywhere is an ROC national. The ROC requires people naturalizing to renounce existing nationalities, if possible. ROC nationality is not automatically lost upon acquiring a foreign nationality.

So in the case of Japanese, US, and Canadian nationality, that can happen for a child in many ways, for example, if one parent is Japanese, the other Canadian, and born in the US; one parent is Japanese, the other American, and born in Canada; one parent is Japanese, the other Canadian and American, and born anywhere; etc. Note that such multiple nationality will not last past age 22.

Similarly, in the case of ROC, US, and Canadian nationality, that can happen for a child in many ways, for example, if one parent is ROC, the other Canadian, and born in the US; one parent is ROC, the other American, and born in Canada; one parent is ROC, the other Canadian and American, and born anywhere; one parent is ROC and Canadian, the other parent American, born anywhere; one parent is ROC, Canadian, and American, etc... Or the person may be born with only ROC nationality, and then later naturalize in Canada or the US (in either order); or born with ROC and Canadian nationality, and naturalize in the US; or any such combination. Here the multiple nationality is not automatically lost upon any age, and once the person has ROC nationality, they can get others without jeopardizing ROC nationality, so there are more possibilities, as long as they start with ROC.

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