What were the main centres of population in South America in 1500 AD?
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According to the "Pre-Colombian era" article on Wikipedia, there were 4 major cultural groups that developed permenant settlements of significance in South America: the Muisca, Valdivia, Quechua and Aymara. The Valdivian settlement ( in what is now coastal Ecuador) declined centuries before the Spanish arrived. The main Quecha group in 1500 were the Inca, and they were coming to dominate their Aymara neighbors at the time.
Wikipedia's extensive list of historical urban community sizes is also of interest here. It shows that around 1500, the Aztec and Inca empires had the only "urban" population centers anywhere in the Americas. In Mexico there were the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlan (pop. ~80k) and Texcoco (pop. ~60k). In South America there was the Inca's Cusco (pop. ~45k). If you look much further back in time (c. 800 CE), Mayan CopΓ‘n in Central America was on a similar scale (pop. 63,000). The Muisca, etc. never had settlements on anything near that scale as far as I can tell. The Pre-Colombian peak of Valdivia seems to have been less than 2k people.
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