After the fall of Constantinople, were the Christians who lived in the Ottoman Empire treated fairly?
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In Ottoman empire (and Islamic empire on general) the non-islam citizens are called Dhimmi (residence in return for taxes). Their rights is fully protected in their communities, but as citizens in the Islamic statet:
- They had certain restrictions.
- they pay jizya tax.
- excluded from specific duties , zakat and political rights.
- they are equal in term laws of property, contract and obligation.
- They have "dhimma contract".
- They can practice their religion, subject to certain conditions.
- They had their own communities (quoted from above link)
For example, the Jewish community in Medina was allowed to have its own Halakha courts, and the Ottoman millet system allowed its various dhimmi communities to rule themselves under separate legal courts.
The monotheists, Jews and Christians have been afforded a special status. The Ottoman empire didn't interfer in their matters unless they asked for that.
As for Christians: Chsritians and jews had special treatment back then, but polytheists were not. Forced conversion of those raised by a non-Muslim father is counter to Sharia law, and was not a standard practice (except for Christian boys collected for military service as Janissaries). after fall of Constantinople the Hagia Sophiaturned into a mosque
Things changed in the late of 1830 . The treatment to christians changed for sevral reasons The status of the dhimmi "was for long accepted with resignation by the Christians and with gratitude by the Jews" but the rising power of Christendom and the radical ideas of the French Revolution caused a wave of discontent among Christian dhimmis.The continuing and growing pressure from the European powers combined with pressure from Muslim reformers gradually relaxed the inequalities between Muslims and non-Muslims.
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