How did John Calvin reconcile killing followers of opposing religious views with the New Testament?
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See this article (A Recipe for Intolerance: A Study of the Reasons Behind John Calvin's Approval of Punishment for Heresy) for one researcher's opinion.
The gist is that:
1) Calvin generally agreed that Old Testament laws were not binding on Christians, but contradicted himself by appealing to them to defend the punishment of heretics, in a way that was similar to Augustine.
2) This combined with an ancient legal tradition that originally sprang from Scripture (the Constitutio Criminalis Carolina) but then developed on its own to form the basis of civil law. This cultural tradition permitted the execution of heretics.
3) A group he called the "Libertines" used Servetus as a test case to embarrass and discredit Calvin as a powerplay. It was a setup to sour his reputation and assume power. The defense attorney, Berthelier, was the leader of this group. The Libertines had written scathing attacks against Calvin's Institutes, making it a personal matter.
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Source: stackoverflow.com
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