How did the US abolition of slavery affect the cotton exports?

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A pdf file THE GROWTH OF THE COTTON INDUSTRY IN AMERICA seems to have some relevant information to the first half of your question. A table, on publication page 73, (pdf pg 3) has some production,export and value figures.

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This shows there was a spike in the price of cotton during and after the war, but by 1875 production and export figures were higher, and cost was back down to pre-civil war numbers.


Edit by OP: I took the "export bales", multiplied it against "average net weight per bale" to get exports in lbs, and plot it together with the price before & after the Civil War. I excluded the price during the war because it would visually dwarf the pre- and post-war prices. So here goes:

enter image description here

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During the Civil War, Britain relied heavily on cotton from Egypt and India, which also have a lot of good cotton growing land. After the war, Britain had diversified its sourcing so that it was not as dependent on U.S. cotton. This can be seen in another poster's price chart, which showed cotton prices declining significantly even during the war.

The other takeaway from the price chart is that after the civil war, cotton prices returned roughly to prewar levels. So the main effect of "Abolition" on cotton prices was during the war itself (when southern supplies were largely cut off from Europe and prices were an order of magnitude higher), not in the postwar period.

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