How common was training with swords and other weapons at Newton's time in England?

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It's possible that Newton had some basic military training during his education at The King's School, Grantham. The English Civil War had only recently ended and there would have been plenty of men with military experience around. I doubt anyone was giving teenage boys swords though.

Newton was a gentleman by birth but the distinction between gentleman and yeoman farmer was rather nebulous and more down to social identification than precise demarcations of wealth or property. The substantial house at Colsterworth, the fact his mother Hannah could read and write, and her subsequent marriage to a clergyman, are good indicators that Newton would have been considered a 'gentleman farmer'. However this absolutely did not imply the sort of education received by the nobility on a country estate (which would have included riding, swordsmanship etc.). Newton was a long way below this socially.

Ben Crowell is correct that his adult status as a don (effectively regarded as a cleric, although Newton famously never took Holy Orders) would have excused him from any sort of military service later in life.

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