Why is the Amazon rubber boom said to have started in 1879?

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It is a good question. The expression 'first rubber boom started in 1879' does not imply that before that the rubber extraction was zero. It just imply that these were the golden years - that is exactly what portuguese sources say, just google "ciclo da borracha" and you get "ciclo da borracha viveu seu auge entre 1879 e 1912", where 'auge' means 'peak'.

I have two clues (the first one I remember from high school history classes):

In 1877 there was a large drought in Northeast region of Brazil, which resulted in an organized migration movement towards the rubber industry in the Amazon.

And it may have coincided with a bad period for the coffee plantations.

I believe that the first point is more important. Coffee was basically not in the Northeast, and the major migration of workers for the rubber industry was from the Northeast. It is even an stereotype that 'nordestinos' (people from the northeast) in the Amazon migrated there in the rubber boon era.

Besides that, the rubber industry was almost always just extraction - very few trees were planted, they just went into the forest looking for trees. Therefore more people, even untrained, not acclimated, illiterate peasants, quickly meant more rubber.

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