What were the capabilities of U-boats during the battle of the Atlantic?
Upvote:3
I'd add a few things.
Type IX long range boats
Few in number, but significant in the attacks on the US in 1942.
Type XIV "Milk Cow" resupply boats
These extended the range and durability of the shorter range Type VII's.
Number of boats, and when
Not just absolute numbers built, but operational numbers at critical stages of the battle. The Germans never had enough.
Germany started the war with just 57 operational U-Boats, most were short range Type IIs useful mostly for minelaying. Dönitz estimated he needed 100 boats on patrol (meaning 300 total) to win the battle. That number as not achieved until August 1942.
While almost 200 Type IX were built, when Germany declared war on the US in Dec 1941 there were only 20 operational and only 5 devoted to the initial attack on the US east coast. Germany declared war on an enemy they could barely reach, yet the US was so unprepared they did outsized damage.
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