Are there any theories about what health problems would a man of the past suffer in the current age?

Although I think this question seems to be out of scope of this group, I'd try to answer to make it more fit.

If you are interested in genealogy, and ever had created your family tree, you should have noticed that your ancestor had more children than we do (at least in Western culture). Having 10 children was nothing unusual. If you look deeper, you will notice many of them died being infants, so not so many survived to their adulthood.

Of course the reason is poor condition of past medicine. The development allowed us to live longer, healthier (not only medicine counts, but eg. washing your hands before eating), and thus happier (also because it's easier to get a car or brand-new smartphone).

However, the theory of evolution (in simple) says that the weaker organisms shall die, while stronger will survive and multiply. The theory says it's not good to say "weaker/stronger" or "worse/better". The organism that fits better its environment, is better, but we can't say a crocodile is worse than an elephant only because an elephant is a mammal. They are equal, because they live. If a crocodile is not fast enough to hunt an antelope, it will starve to death. If an antelope is not fast enough to escape, it will be eaten. If they die, they won't multiply and bad genotype will be lost.

The same applies to humans, of course. We could harness the nature using weapons (against bigger animals), tools (against flora) and medicine (against smaller organisms like bacteria or parasites).

The development of religion and ethics made us think that human life is always worth to protect.

This is of course against the evolution theory which says that only good organism "is" protected and the worse should be (I'm sorry) eliminated. The development of medicine made us weaker than people from the past, because bad genotypes were stored because we've invented penicillin, we managed to fight some diseases.

We are less immune if compared not to all people from the past, but to all from the past who managed to reach their adulthood and have children. Probably, statistically, if we take all people who lived then (also those who died young) and compare with all living now, we are healthier. But shouldn't we compare only those who survived?

The development of antibiotics allowed to kill many bacteria, but those which survived, are stronger. They need to be killed with stronger antibiotics, but this also weakens us.

You may also notice, when talking with older people, that they managed to live in stronger climate (eg. colder winters), and they are doing pretty well now, while we have civilization diseases like allergies. We are not able to climb a mountain that 80 yo. person travels twice a day.

TL, DR

Read this article, this one, this one, or this one (I understand some of them are popular science and should not be considered as a scientific source). Maybe you'll google more articles on the same topic.

So answering your question: there are many theories leading to a conclusion, that men from past would manage to live in our times better than we do.

I cannot provide adequate evidence to prove, but I think that any problems that might result from transportation from the germ infested past to the relatively sterile modern environment would be overwhelmed by improvements in medical techniques.

• While there are different modern pathogens, and almost every modern pathogen has evolved to defeat our ancestor's immune systems, access to antibiotics and modern medical care that isn't based on humors or planetary alignments would significantly improve outcomes. Heck, just eliminating the use of mercury as a tonic would create vastly better outcomes. OP constrains the time traveller to be more than 100 years ago; during that time the overwhelming majority of humans shifted from rural to urban life. Statistically speaking this will be worse for our time traveller, since cities require more sophisticated immune systems.

• Different food would include unimaginable access to a variety and diversity of foods and nutrition. The advent of refrigeration, canning and unimaginable improvements in food transport technology have drive the cost/calorie of diverse nutritious food to rock bottom levels. Food diversity correlates with better outcomes.

• Pollution wouldn't be a problem; air and water are cleaner and better than they were in Victorian London. Smoke and smog in Victorian London were so bad as to obscure the sun and render it impossible to wear white clothing (all clothing was black within 30 minutes of exposure to external air).

• Dentistry - So very much better now.

• OP specified that the time traveller was a man. If we assume that the traveller was female, the situation has some more positive indicators. Today maternal mortality is 15/100,000. 100 years ago that was 600/100,000; go back another hundred years and the rate is 1200/100,000.

I'm posting without sources and I shall endure the deserved downvotes <grin>