How did the election of one-third of Senators every two years stay in sync with addition of new states?

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Accepted answer

so were there some Senators who took truncated terms?

Yes, that's exactly how it was done. For example

  • Vermont elected its first two Senators in 1791. One Senator was up for re-election in 1794 (and lost), and the other was up for re-election in 1796 (and resigned).
  • Hawaii elected two Senators upon its statehood in 1959. One term expired in 1962, and the other in 1964.

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