Why is it that many Christians firmly believe that the wailing wall was part of the Temple?
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Dual Fulfillment. For example, Antiochus Ephiphanes was a 'partial' fulfillment of Daniel 9:27 (abomination of desolation), but the 'ultimate/final fulfillment' will take place near the end of this present 'age. So the prophecy of 'not one stone' was partially fulfilled in 70 AD, but will find the ultimate/final fulfillment near the end of this present age (second coming). See Zech. 14:4, which prophesies of the time when EVERY stone will literally be thrown down and not one left standing on top of another. Most of the 'dual fulfillment' prophecies focus on the First Coming and the Second Coming of our Lord.
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Now, why is it that many Christians firmly believe that the wailing wall was part of the Temple? A statement that can imply that Jesus was wrong.
What Christians believe is that Jesus prophesied the coming literal destruction and that it was fulfilled, and attested by independent historical accounts outside the New Testament. Whether "Not ... one stone upon another" should be interpreted as a metaphor, or whether the wailing wall was included in the prophecy was left as a minor debate.
The ESV Study Bible commentary on Matt 24:1-2 says:
24:1 left the temple. The road from Jerusalem to Bethany, where Jesus and his disciples stay each evening, takes one alongside the Mount of Olives, which affords a spectacular view of the temple in the distance.
24:2 Jesus’ prophecy of the destruction of the temple was fulfilled in A.D. 70 when the Roman army under Titus destroyed Jerusalem and the temple. Not ... one stone upon another may be intended as a metaphor for total destruction, or it may be understood as something that was literally fulfilled in the destruction of the temple building itself (but not the entire Temple Mount, some of which remains to this day).
For a study on the phrase "stone upon stone" I refer you to No Stone Left Unturned: Solving a Minor Mystery which concluded:
By the way, visitors to the Western Wall in Jerusalem (also known as the Wailing Wall, pictured above) sometimes wonder about the accuracy of Jesus’ prediction, since the Western Wall is made of many very large stones piled on each other. There is a simple answer to this question. Jesus’ prediction was specifically about the destruction of “the Temple buildings” (Matt 24:1). The Western Wall is actually part of the foundation. It is a retaining wall, built by Herod the Great to increase the size of the Temple complex. The buildings that Jesus’ disciples pointed out to him were all utterly destroyed by Rome in AD 70, but the retaining wall was left standing. Removing the retaining wall stones, which range in weight from 2 tons to 520 tons, would have been an immense task.
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