What is the theological difference between conviction and condemnation?

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Conviction is knowing that you did wrong.

Condemnation is bearing the guilt of wrongdoing and suffering the punishment for it.

A Christian may be convicted of their wrongdoing, i.e. they recognize it has happened and that it was their fault. They may and probably should feel bad about it, However they know that they will not have to suffer eternal punishment for it (condemnation).

Christian therapists often make the distinction that conviction says "You did bad" while condemnation says "You are bad."

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RO 8:1 1

There is therefore now no condemnation to them which are in Christ Jesus, who walk not after the flesh, but after the Spirit.

If you are born again there is no condemnation. You have hope, grace and mercy that God will forgive you, if you will repent. God dose not condem the repented. Condemnation says there is no hope.
Satan tries to condem and say there is no hope, no use, give up.
God convicts: hey you are wrong, repent and I will forgive.

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