What is the Catholic process for establishing orthodoxy?

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Heinrich Denzinger has collected many of the Church's dogmatic documents in his:

If you have dubia (doubts) regarding a doctrinal issue, you can submit them to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF). They are questions that are usually answered succinctly.

For example, the dubia sent to the Pontifical Biblical Commission in 1909:

Question 1. Whether the arguments accumulated by critics to impugn the Mosaic authenticity of the Sacred Books, which are designated by the name Pentateuch, are of such weight that, in spite of the very many indications of both Testaments taken together, the continuous conviction of the Jewish people, also the unbroken tradition of the Church in addition to the internal evidences drawn from the text itself, they justify affirming that these books were not written by Moses, but were composed for the most part from sources later than the time of Moses?

Reply: No.

A more recent example was when it was asked whether Catholics "who enrol in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion", and Cdl. Ratzinger, then-prefect of the CDF, responded in the affirmative.

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