Why did this anti-communist pamphlet, from the USA in the 1950s, include UNESCO among its targets?

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You're talking about fringe political pamphlet here, so be careful generalizing from it. To paraphrase Tolstoy, all mainstream thinking may look alike, but fringe beliefs are all fringe in their own way.

Digging into that article, that's apparently a picture of a pamphlet put out by Myron Coureval Fagan. What I see looking over his WP is a lot of anti-semitic international Jewish conspiracy theory stuff, and associations with the Nazi-esque America First Committee and Nazi defeatist Joseph Kennedy.

This is not a person deriving their beliefs and opinions based on what best fits a sober analysis of fact. Looking for reason out of someone living in that kind of racist fantasy world is utterly the wrong approach. Instead you have to operate how they do: start with their racist beliefs, and then look around for things that might make targets or fuel.

I think this case the big clue is the word "internationalists" (helpfully capitalized) at the end of the pamphlet. This is a person who choses to believe that Internationalisim is actually a plot by Jews to control the world. He even wrote a play about it in 1955, with the UN as the bad guy.

The UN at the time was the largest and most well-known and effective international organization, and UNESCO was specifically the UN organization dedicated to fostering international cooperation. That's all that was really necessary to draw his ire.

It wasn't about anything they did, it was about what they represent.

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